Python Decorators Deep Dive

Help me create Python decorators for: [DESCRIBE YOUR NEEDS]

Decorator types needed:
- [ ] Function decorator
- [ ] Class decorator
- [ ] Decorator with arguments
- [ ] Decorator that preserves function signature
- [ ] Stacked decorators

Use cases:
1. Logging and timing
2. Caching/memoization
3. Input validation
4. Authentication/authorization
5. Rate limiting
6. Retry logic
7. Deprecation warnings
8. Type checking
9. Singleton pattern
10. Registry pattern

For each decorator, provide:
- Implementation with functools.wraps
- Type hints
- Usage examples
- Edge cases handled
- Testing approach